(2) costly grace, (3) Stellvertretung (“vicarious representative action”), (4) ethics as formation, (5) and religionless Christianity. Each of these themes requires explanation; each is best understood in light of Bonhoeffer’s steadfast reflection on the concept of suffering and profound commitment to the centrality of Christ; and each is addressed in turn in the pages and chapters that follow. It is not an overstatement to say that the central ideas of Bonhoeffer’s theological